Folds, cleavage, and boudinage

  • Folds in Biancone-type limestones of the Krasta-Cukali Zone (northern Albania).
    Folds in Biancone-type limestones of the Krasta-Cukali Zone (northern Albania).
  • Folded Upper Jurassic to Cretaceous Limestones and radiolarites (red) of the Krasta-Cukali Zone north of Komani reservoir (northern Albania).
    Folded Upper Jurassic to Cretaceous Limestones and radiolarites (red) of the Krasta-Cukali Zone north of Komani reservoir (northern Albania).
  • Cleavage refraction in rocks of the Durmitor Flysch Unit (Montenegro).
    Cleavage refraction in rocks of the Durmitor Flysch Unit (Montenegro).
  • Ptygmatic folds in a quartzitic layer within carbonatic host rock. Note that shortening in the fold hinges is accommodated by small brittle faults. Krasta-Cukali Zone, northern Albania.
    Ptygmatic folds in a quartzitic layer within carbonatic host rock. Note that shortening in the fold hinges is accommodated by small brittle faults. Krasta-Cukali Zone, northern Albania.
  • Pencil cleavage in a marly flysch of the Krasta-Cukali Zone (northern Albania). Such pencil cleavage typically developes close to fold hinges where the layering and cleavage include high angles and form the elongated planes of the rock fragments.
    Pencil cleavage in a marly flysch of the Krasta-Cukali Zone (northern Albania). Such pencil cleavage typically developes close to fold hinges where the layering and cleavage include high angles and form the elongated planes of the rock fragments.
  • Tight to isoclinal folds in marble (near Osina, Rhodopes, S Bulgaria).
    Tight to isoclinal folds in marble (near Osina, Rhodopes, S Bulgaria).
    Image: Jan Pleuger
  • Polyphase deformation in Ordovician schist (near Bosilegrad, SE Serbia). The first penetrative cleavage (subvertical) and a second, sporadic one (subhorizontal) are affected by folding with axial plane traces trending from bottom left to top right.
    Polyphase deformation in Ordovician schist (near Bosilegrad, SE Serbia). The first penetrative cleavage (subvertical) and a second, sporadic one (subhorizontal) are affected by folding with axial plane traces trending from bottom left to top right.
    Image: Jan Pleuger
  • Folds in contact-metamorphic Sediments (Kopaonik Mt., S Serbia)
    Folds in contact-metamorphic Sediments (Kopaonik Mt., S Serbia)
    Image: Jan Pleuger
  • Kink faults nucleated along conjugate faults in metasediment (Kopaonik Mt., S Serbia).
    Kink faults nucleated along conjugate faults in metasediment (Kopaonik Mt., S Serbia).
    Image: Jan Pleuger
  • Crenulation cleavage in metasandstones, overprinting an earlier foliation. Mukua River valley, Central Range, eastern Taiwan.
    Crenulation cleavage in metasandstones, overprinting an earlier foliation. Mukua River valley, Central Range, eastern Taiwan.
  • Crenulated pelitic schists showing prominent crenulation lineations. MuKua Hsi Valley, Central Range, Eastern Taiwan.
    Crenulated pelitic schists showing prominent crenulation lineations. MuKua Hsi Valley, Central Range, Eastern Taiwan.
  • Refold structures in calcite marble, Taroko gorge, Eastern Taiwan.
    Refold structures in calcite marble, Taroko gorge, Eastern Taiwan.
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